Attack and Release in Compression
Good, rather than as one problem, another one of my academic discussions 'how it works '.
On another forum, I debated the meaning of 'attack' and 'release' in compression. My thesis is that the attack time is how long it takes to reach the set level of gain reduction once the signal passes through the threshod... level and liberation is the opposite: reduction, once again the time it takes to come back or not gain levels once to cross the threshold down.
Another poster, who usually knows what he's talking about, the content as time attack and release are triggered, not levels reaching the threshold, but rather simply by the compressor, a level upward or downward change detection.
As evidence, he has published a test of Soundforge: a tone that made the transition between - 12 and - 3 dB at intervals 300ms. He then applied with the threshold set at-16 compression (so everything should be compressed) and, indeed, the waveform shows the effect of the attack and communicated to each transition even if the test set should be compressed.
I tried the same thing at the hearing and, although things are not as noticeable as Sound forge, you can see the pumping on the waveform.
I don't see that the attack and release can be quite skilled to respond to each change in level (especially on a real signal, not his test) so I have to assume that the cause is a bit more basic.
Here is a picture of the original file that I made:
And here is the same file compressed with an attack of 2ms and 5ms release and a threshold of - 15dB, i.e. less than what anyone in the clip.
As you can see, you can see where the attack and release happens (I do not post a picture but, with attack and release to zero, you can not see any transition) so if someone can explain that you will cure my curiosity!
Want to know how to work the compressors?
Well, I wouldn't trust in Wikipedia - especially when he's wrong!
We must look at the history of the compression, and how this was done by conventional electronic means before having any kind of idea of how it works really - and then we must keep in mind that even if software compression can move some of the apparent problems, it is not necessarily a good thing to do.
The initial problems with compression were double, when it came to the electronic traditional compressors. First, they took the time to analyze the incoming signals; Second, they took even more time to respond to the changes. It is usually because the element doing the control signal (and there were several different methods) also had a finite response time. Usually the response of the control element has been physically forced, and ultimately limited the attack time - even if you can detect a more rapid change, you could not apply it more quickly - you could not delay the release, that needed to be addressed in real time. The response of the detector is essentially based on the amplitude - if the first half cycle exceeds the amplitude threshold, then theoretically a corresponding signal is sent to the control element. The detector, but always follows the the envelope amplitude of the received signal, and this is what determines, by the controls, the compression ratio. The decay time depended entirely on controls of that - at the time wherever the envelope of the signal is less than the threshold, the rate of decay sets in. If the signal rises to the top, then decay stops - after another attack of time spent.
The threshold setting determines the point at which the control starts, and report control determines the rate of Exchange used at that time - and that's why Wikipedia quote is bad, because the absolute level has not been determined at all - just the rate to which the control signal is going in this direction. It may be supplanted by a change of the signal level.
In any case, it is this that compressors software were essentially try to imitate. I have never designed a software, but I designed and built a couple of material ones - that's why I know not how they work!
But what is that software that can compensate for certain aspects of the behavior of compressor, because they have not primarily to work in real time. This means that it is possible to use ' to come'. If you do this, then theoretically you can do a good job the same catch the first half cycle of a waveform that exceeds your threshold - because you have already made the detection. And because you control software of the final amplitude rather than a hardware device, you can cause instant changes unfold. But as everyone experiences a software compressor soon realizes, most of the things that are possible not - happen devices are designed more along the lines of the original material, because that's what people really want! They do not want instant attack, because that gets rid of transients, and that's where a lot of crucial information in a signal. Also, for other timed titles of pumping is called for - and that requires a system with a known time response, not one where the rate of change of the input signal is determined and used in any way.
The other thing that you should keep in mind is that we create a signal envelope. And to do this, we need to make some money. What we are doing is technically known as integration - we are calculating the area under a curve and for that we need a period of integration. With Audition and Cool Edit dynamic controller we get options here to control this. And it's in the section Attack/Release to get you all the clues. First, note that it says that it is the amplitude is determined, not the rate of change, and secondly, you can determine (because it has more options than most of the compressors) how the amplitude envelope is determined in the detector - peak values, which means that the integration time is actually the same as the frequency of sampling, or RMS values. It does not say what is the RMS integration time, but dare I say that it would be too difficult to determine.
But the dynamics of hearing controller is a good example of how the software can imitate - and also to overcome the limits of the - a hardware compressor. The characteristics of the sensor and the controller can be determined separately, and look forward can also be specified. I'm not 100% convinced that reflects the output always exactly what you set, but it's close enough. But just because you can overcome how works a compressor equipment, it does not usually pay to do unless you have a very good reason to do.
Tags: Audition
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