interface not implemented

I am really fedUp with code that promise to implement an interface

but in fact is not, and yet always compiles!

in the following code:

ArrayList < String > words =...

words.replaceAll (String::toUpperCase);

Why line 2 compile sucssfuly?

ArrayList.replaceAll takes a < E > UnaryOperator

UnaryOperator < T > {}

T apply (T, t);

}

While String.toUpperCase () implements the UnaryOperator < E > interface, String.toUpperCase () takes no arguments

==================================================================================

in the following code from Oracle tutorials collections: aggregation operations:

// a class to store total value and values count to get the average
class Averager implements IntConsumer {
    int total = 0;
    int count = 0;

    public double average() {
        if(count > 0) return (double)total/count; else return 0;
    }

    public void accept(int newVal) {
        total += newVal;
        count++;
    }

    public void compine(Averager other) {
        total += other.total;
        count += other.count;
    }
}

// Code in the main class
ArrayList<Integer> allVals = new ArrayList<Integer>();
allVals.addAll(Arrays.asList(2, 3, 5, 7, 1, 89, 4, 5));

Averager averageCollect =
    allVals.stream()
             .collect(Averager::new, Averager::accept, Averager::compine);
System.out.println(averageCollect.average());


Why the code at line 25 compile sucssfuly?

Averager.Accept and Averager.compine does not implement BiConsumer < T, U > Interface

Interface BiConsumer < T, U > {}

void accept (T, t, U u);

}

They both take a single argument?

OK, let's look at in detail in the example

List words = ... ;
words.replaceAll(String::toUpperCase);

As you noted, the replaceAll parameter is UnaryOperator, and String::toUpperCase does not implement this interface. So, how does this work?

First, observe that String::toUpperCase is a reference of toUpperCase() method, which is an instance of string method. You can rewrite the reference method as follows, without changing the meaning:

words.replaceAll((String s) -> s.toUpperCase());

I stated the lambda parameter type just to make it clear that it's a chain, but it could just as easily be written as: s-> s.toUpperCase ().

Observe that this lambda expression takes one parameter, a string, and returns a value, a string.

Now let's look at List.replaceAll (). It take a UnaryOperatorparameter. It is an instance method, and the variable E is the type of the list parameter. Words being list, then words.replaceAll () will have a UnaryOperator as its parameter.

Now let's look at UnaryOperator. This must be a functional interface, since we provide a lambda here. However, UnaryOperator himself is not all abstract methods. He inherited his unique abstract of its superinterface function method. If we look at thefunction, it has a single abstract method

R apply(T t)

which means that it takes a parameter of type T and returns a value of type R. Foregoing, we know we need a UnaryOperator, which extends thefunction, and the types of the abstract method will be

String apply(String t)

It is a method that takes a parameter, a string, and returns a value, a string. But look! That's exactly what the lambda expression

(String s) -> s.toUpperCase()

designated operational entities and the lambda expression is equivalent to

String::toUpperCase

It is so true that the String::toUpperCase, as a method, declare that it implements UnaryOperator. But we must look at the "forms" of the methods. String::toUpperCase is a reference to a method that takes a string is a parameter and returns a string. And UnaryOperator has one abstract method that takes a string as a parameter and returns a string. That's why String::toUpperCase works in a context where a UnaryOperator is necessary.

A wrinkle here is that the toUpperCase() method is an instance method. It seems that it takes no arguments. However, as an instance method, it must be called on an object, the "receiver". The receiver is as a first argument implicit in a method; It's just that from a syntactic point of view, it occurs in a different place. Take the example of Averager:

class Averager {
    void accept(Integer newVal) { ... }
    void combine(Averager other) { ... }
}

(I've changed around int to take into account the autoboxing).

Here, accept() and combine() are instance methods, so they must be called on an instance of Averager. Which is like an additional implicit for each argument. Thus, accept() takes two arguments: an Averager and an integer and returns no value (empty). For example, Averager.accept () corresponds to BiConsumer, since his abstract method is accepted (Averager t, all over u).

(Note that it is completely irrelevant that Averager.accept has the same method name as BiConsumer.accept).

In addition, combine() takes two arguments, an Averager (receiver) and an another Averager (the parameter as 'other'). Similarly, combine() corresponds to BiConsumer.

Tags: Java

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